Python Programming – Operators and Expressions
The operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform certain mathematical or logical manipulations. Operators are used in programs to manipulate data and variables. Operators are basically used to form a part of mathematical and logical expressions. In other words, Operators are the constructs that can manipulate the values of operands. The Python language provides a rich set of operators. Python operators can be classified into a number of categories as follows:
- Arithmetic Operators
- Comparison Operators
- Assignment Operators
- Logical Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Special Operators
- Membership Operators
- Identity Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Python language provides all the basic arithmetic operators. As the name implies, these operators are used to perform mathematical operations such as addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), and modulo (%). The arithmetic operators are listed in Table 3.1 with the description and example of each of them. Code 3.1 (in script mode) illustrates the use of all arithmetic operators. Suppose x holds the value 40 and y holds the value 20, in Table 3.1 except for floor division.
|
Operator symbol |
Name | Example | Output |
Description |
| + | Addition | x+y | 40+20=60 | Adds values on either side of the operator. |
| – | Subtraction | x-y | 40-20=20 | Subtracts right-hand operand from the left-hand operand. |
| * | Multiplication | x*y | 40*20=800 | Multiplies values on either side of the operator |
| / | Division | x/y | 40/20=2.0 | Divides left hand operand by right-hand operand |
| % | Modulus | x%y | 40%20=0 | Divides left hand operand by right-hand operand and returns remainder |
| ** | Exponent | 40**20 | Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators | |
| // | Floor Division | x//y(if x=7, y=2) | 7//2=3 | Division – The division of operands where the result is the quotient in which the digits after the decimal point are removed. |
- Operators in Python – Logical, Arithmetic, Membership, Bitwise, Assignment, Relational, Identity, Comparison, String Operators
- Python Operators
- Python Programming – Expressions
Code: 3.1. Illustration of arithmetic operators.
| # program to represent the use of arithmetic operators x= 10 y=20 z=0z=x+y print(“Addition is “,z)z= x- y print(“Subtraction is “,z)z=x* y print(“Multiplication is “,z)z=x/y print(“Division is”, z)z= x% y print(“Modulus is “, z)x=5 y=3 z=x**y print(“Exponent is “,z) x=10 |
| Output
Addition is 30 |
Comparison Operators
In Python programming, certain decisions are taken based on the relation between expressions or operands. For instance, we may compare the marks of two students or the height of two persons. These comparisons can be performed with the help of comparison operators. In other words, operators compare the values of operands on either side of them and decide the relation among them. These are also termed relational operators. The comparison operators generate the output in terms of True (Non-Zero) and False (Zero). The comparison operators are listed in Table 3.2. Suppose x holds the value 40 and y holds the value 20, in Table 3.2. Code 3.2 illustrates (in script mode) the use of comparison operators.
|
Operator symbol |
Name | Example | Output |
Description |
| < | Less than | x<y | 40<20 false | If the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, then
condition becomes true. |
| <= | Less than equal to | x<=y | 40<=20 false | If the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, then condition becomes true. |
| > | Greater than | x>y | 40>20 true | If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, then
condition becomes true. |
| >= | Greater than equal to | x>=y | 40>=20 true | If the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right
operand, then condition becomes true. |
| = | Equal to | x==y | 40==20 false | If the values of two operands are equal, then the condition becomes true. |
| != | Not equal to | x!=y | 40!=20 true | If the values of two operands are not equal, then the condition becomes true. |
| <> | Not equal to | X<>y | 40<>20 true | If the values of the two operands are not equal, then the condition becomes true. |
Code; 3.2, Illustration of comparison operators
| # program to illustrate the use of relational or comparison operators
x= 10 |
| Output
x is not equal to y |
| the result to left operand | |||
| *= | Multiplication then assignment | x*=10 is equivalent to
x=x*10 |
It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to left operand |
| /= | Division then assignment | x/=10 is equivalent to
x=x/10 |
It divides left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to left operand |
| %= | Modulus then assignment | x%=10 is equivalent to x=x%10 | It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to left operand |
| //= | Floor division and assignment | x//=10 is equivalent to
x=x//10 |
It performs floor division on operands and assigns value to the left operand |
| **= | Exponent and assignment | x**=10 is
equivalent to x=x**10 |
Performs exponential (power) calculation on operands and assigns value to the left operand |
| &= | Bitwise AND and assignment | x&=10 is equivalent to x=x&10 | Performs bitwise AND calculation on operands and assigns value to the left operand |
| I= | Bitwise OR and assignment | x|=10 is equivalent to
x=x|10 |
Performs bitwise OR calculation on operands and assigns value to the left operand |
| ∧= | Bitwise XOR and assignment | xA=10 is equivalent to
x=xA10 |
Performs bitwise XOR calculation on operands and assigns value to the left operand |
| >>= | Bitwise right shift and assignment | x»=10 is
equivalent to x=x>>10 |
Performs bitwise right shift calculation on operands and assigns value to the left operand |
| <<= | Bitwise left Shift and assignment | X<<=10 is
equivalent to x=x<<10 |
Performs bitwise left shift calculation on operands and assigns value to the left operand |
The Code 3.4. illustrates the use of assignment operators, where shorthand operator is used with =, +, *, / and % arithmetic operators.
Code: 3.4. Illustration of assignment and shorthand operators
| # program to illustrate the use of assignment and shorthand operator
x= 10 z = x + y z += x z*= x z=3 |
| Output
Value of c is 30 |
Logical Operators
The logical operators are used to compare Boolean expressions. The result of a Boolean expression is always a Boolean, i.e., True or False. We can combine the results of multiple relational or arithmetic operations by using logical operators. The logical operators are logical AND (&&), logical OR (||), and logical NOT (!).
The logical AND is used when all the given conditions in an expression need to be satisfied, while Logical OR is used when any of the given conditions need to be satisfied. The negation operator takes only one operand and returns a false value if the operand is true and vice-versa. The logical operators are listed in Table 3.4. Let us assume the value of x=10 and y=20.
|
Operator Name |
Name | Example | Output |
Description |
| &&
|
Logical AND | (x<y)&&(x==10) | True | If both the operands are true then the condition becomes true. |
| (x<y)&&(x!=10) | False | |||
| (x>y)&&(x==10) | False | |||
| (x>y)||(x!=l 0) | False | |||
| (x<y)||(x==T0) | True | If any of the two operands are non-zero the condition becomes true. | ||
| (x<y)||(x!=10) | True | |||
| (x>y) | |(x== 10) | True | |||
| (x>y)||(x!=10) | False | |||
| ! | Logical NOT | !(x>y) | True | Used to reverse the logical state of its operand. |
| !(x<y) | False |
The Code 3.5. illustrates the use of logical operators. In the program, only the expressions computing to true result are coded.
Code: 3.5. Illustration of logical operators
| # program to illustrate the use of logical operator
x= 10 if( x<y and x=10): if(x<y or x!=10): if(x>y or x==10): if (not(x>y)): |
| Output
true |
Bitwise Operators
The bitwise operators assume operands as strings of bits and the bit operations are performed on these operands. Moreover, the python language allows us to operate directly at bit level using bitwise operators. As the
operation is performed bit by bit, let us assume the values x=35 and y=10. Their binary equivalents are given as follows:
x 00100011
y 00001010
Now the bitwise AND, OR, XOR, one’s complement, left shift and right shift operations are performed as shown in Table 3.5.
| Operator | Operation |
| Bitwise AND | X&y = 00000010 |
| Bitwise OR | xIy = 00101011 |
| Bitwise XOR | x∧y = 00101001 |
| Bitwise ones compliment | ∼X = 11011100 |
| Bitwise left shift | X<<1 = 01000110 |
| Bitwise right shift | x>>1 = 00010001 |
The bitwise operators are listed in table 3.6. with x=35 and y=10
| Operator symbol | Name | Example | Output | Description |
| & | Bitwise
AND |
X&y | 2 | Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands |
| | | Bitwise OR | x|y | 42 | It copies a bit if it exists in either
operand. |
| ∧ | Bitwise
XOR |
x∧y | 40 | It copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both. |
| ∼ | Bitwise
ones compliment |
~x | 120 | It is unary and has the effect of ‘flipping’ bits. |
| << | Bitwise left shift | X<<=l | 70 | The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits |
| specified by the right operand. | ||||
| >> | Bitwise right shift | x>>=l | 17 | The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. |
As shown in the above example in Table 3.7., if one bit is moved to the left side x«=l using bitwise left shift operator then the outcome results in a multiple of 2, i.e., the value of x becomes 70, which was initially 35. Consequently, if 2 bits are moved to the left then the result is a multiple of 4 and so on.
On the other hand, in the bitwise right shift operator, if one bit is moved to the right then the outcome is the integer division by 2. In the above example, x»=l, results in 17 where the initial value of x was 35.
Summary
In this chapter, we have learned about different operators such as arithmetic, comparison, logical, bitwise, special operators, identity, and membership operators available in the Python language. All the operators are described with appropriate examples of each. We have learned that how operators and operands form an expression, which is the basic sentence of a programming language. The precedence decides which operator will be evaluated first and associativity decides how to evaluate an expression if two operators exhibit the same precedence. Finally, we have learned how Python language evaluates expressions.